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On the subject of the catastrophe of theLiberté , which followed that of theIéna , M. Felix Roussel said,
in a speech delivered as president of the municipal council of Paris:--
The causes of the evil are not peculiar to our day. The evil is more general, and bears a triple name:
irresponsibility, indiscipline, and anarchy.
These quotations, which state facts with which everyone is familiar, show that the staunchest upholders
of the republican system themselves recognise the progress of social disorganisation.12Everyone sees it,
while he is conscious of his own impotence to change anything. It results, in fact, from mental influences
whose power is greater than that of our wills.
3.Universal Suffrage and its
Representatives .
Among the dogmas of democracy perhaps the most fundamental of all and the most attractive is that of
universal suffrage. It gives the masses the idea of equality, since for a moment at least rich and poor,
learned and ignorant, are equal before the electoral urn. The minister elbows the least of his servants, and
during this brief moment the power of one is as great as the others.
All Governments, including that of the Revolution, have feared universal suffrage. At a first glance,
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indeed, the objections which suggests themselves are numerous. The idea that the multitude could usefully
choose the men capable of governing, that individuals of indifferent morality, feeble knowledge, and
narrow minds should possess, by the sole fact of number, a certain talent for judging the candidate
proposed for its selection is surely a shocking one.
From a rational point of view the suffrage of numbers is to a certain extent justified if we think with
Pascal.
Plurality is the best way, because it is visible and has strength to make itself obeyed; it is, however, the
advice of the less able.
As universal suffrage cannot in our times be replaced by any other institution, we must accept it and try
to adapt it. It is accordingly useless to protest against it or to repeat with the queen Marie Caroline, at the
time of her struggle with Napoleon: Nothing is more dreadful than to govern men in this enlightened
century, when every cobbler reasons and criticises the Government.
To tell the truth, the objections are not always as great as they appear. The laws of the psychology of
crowds being admitted, it is very doubtful whether a limited suffrage would give a much better choice of
men than that obtained by universal suffrage.
These same psychological laws also show us that so-called universal suffrage is in reality a pure fiction.
The crowd, save in very rare cases, has no opinion but that of its leaders. Universal suffrage really
represents the most limited of suffrages.
There justly resides its real danger. Universal suffrage is made dangerous by the fact that the leaders who
are its masters are the creatures of little local committees analogous to the clubs of the Revolution. The
leader who canvasses for a mandate is chosen by them.
Once nominated, he exercises an absolute local power, on condition of satisfying the interests of his
committees. Before this necessity the general interest of the country disappears almost totally from the
mind of the elected representative.
Naturally the committees, having need of docile servants, do not choose for this task individuals gifted
with a lofty intelligence nor, above all, with a very high morality. They must have men without character,
without social position, and always docile.
By reason of these necessities the servility of the deputy in respect of these little groups which patronise
him, and without which he would be no one, is absolute. He will speak and vote just as his committee
tells him. His political ideal may be expressed in a few words: it is to obey, that he may retain his post.
Sometimes, rarely indeed, and only when by name or position or wealth he has a great prestige, a
superior character may impose himself upon the popular vote by overcoming the tyranny of the impudent
minorities which constitute the local committees.
Democratic countries like France are only apparently governed by universal suffrage. For this reason is it
that so many measures are passed which do not interest the people and which the people never
demanded. Such were the purchase of the Western railways, the laws respecting congregations, &c.
These absurd manifestations merely translated the demands of fanatical local committees, and were
imposed upon deputies whom they had chosen.
We may judge of the influence of these committees when we see moderate deputies forced to patronise
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the anarchical destroyers of arsenals, to ally themselves with anti-militarists, and, in a word, to obey the
most atrocious demands in order to ensure re-election. The will of the lowest elements of democracy has
thus created among the elected representatives manners and a morality which we can but recognise are
of the lowest. The politician is the man in public employment, and as Nietzsche says:--
Where public employment begins there begins also the clamour of the great comedians and the buzzing
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