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Anxiety: Conspiracy Theory and the Human Sciences (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001),
pp. 1 16.
CHAPTER 1: CONSPIRACY THEORY IN THE AMERICAN
IMAGINATION
1. Daniel Pipes, Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes
From (New York: The Free Press, 1997), p. 20.
2. Ibid., p. 21.
3. See, for example, Robert Alan Goldberg, Enemies Within: The Culture of Con-
spiracy in Modern America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).
4. Many works catalogue the wide variety of conspiracy theories that appear in
American culture, ranging from mass market paperback books such as Kate Tuckett,
ed., Conspiracy Theories (New York: Berkley Books, 2005) to more serious works
such as Peter Knight, Conspiracy Theory in American History: An Encyclopedia (Santa
Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003).
5. See Timothy Melley, Empire of Conspiracy: The Culture of Paranoia in Postwar
America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000) and Peter Knight, Conspiracy
Nation: The Politics of Paranoia in Postwar America (New York: New York University
Press, 2002).
174 Notes
6. See, for example, Mark Fenster, Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in Amer-
ican Culture, (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999); George
Marcus, Paranoia Within Reason: A Casebook as Explanation (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1999); Shane Miller, Conspiracy Theories: Public Arguments as
Coded Social Critiques, Argumentation and Advocacy 39 (2002), pp. 40 56; Jane
Parish and Martin Parker, eds. The Age of Anxiety: Conspiracy Theory and the Hu-
man Sciences (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2001); and Harry G. West and Todd Sanders,
Transparency and Conspiracy: Ethnographies of Suspicion in the New World Order
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003).
7. Ted Goertzel, Belief in Conspiracy Theories, Political Psychology, 15, no. 4
(1994), pp. 731 742.
8. See Elizabeth A. Klonoff and Hope Landrine, Do Blacks Believe That
HIV/AIDS Is a Government Conspiracy against Them? Preventive Medicine 28,
no. 5 (May 1999) pp. 451 457.
9. Ibid.
10. Richard J. Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, Harpers
Magazine, November 1964, pp. 77 86.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Bennett Kravitz, The Truth Is Out There: Conspiracy as a Mindset in Ameri-
can High and Popular Culture, Journal of American Culture, 22 (Winter 1999), pp.
23 29.
14. Ibid., p. 21.
15. Frank P. Mintz, The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy,
and Culture (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985).
16. See Melley, Empire of Conspiracy.
17. See Ray Pratt, Paranoia: Conspiratorial Visions in American Film (Lawrence,
KS: University of Kansas Press, 2001).
18. See Peter Knight, Conspiracy Culture: From the Kennedy Assassination to The
X-Files (New York: Routledge, 2000).
19. Dan Nimmo and James E. Combs, Mediated Political Realities (New York:
Longman, 1983), pp. 72 73.
20. See Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1991).
21. For a brief overview of this subject, see Project Paperclip: Dark Side of
the Moon by Andrew Walker, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk news/
magazine/4443934.stm (accessed April 28, 2008).
22. See David M. Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
23. Ibid.
24. Steven J. Ross, Movies and American Society (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002),
p. 201.
CHAPTER 2: THE RED MENACE AND ITS DISCONTENTS
1. See Michael Rogin, Kiss Me Deadly: Communism, Motherhood, and Cold War
Movies, Representations, 6 (Spring 1984), pp. 1 36.
Notes 175
2. Review of Conspirator (Motion Picture), Monthly Film Bulletin, 16(181/192)
(1949), p. 136.
3. The New Pictures: In the Good Old Summertime [reviews several films, in-
cluding The Red Menace], Time, July 18, 1949.
4. Review of I Was a Communist for the F.B.I. (Motion Picture), Monthly Film
Bulletin, 18(204/218) (1951), pp. 324 325.
5. Review of My Son John (Motion Picture), Monthly Film Bulletin, 20(228/239)
(1953), pp. 69 70.
6. The New Pictures, Time, April 7, 1952.
7. Review of Invasion U.S.A. (Motion Picture), Monthly Film Bulletin,
20(228/239) (1953), pp. 84 85.
8. Bosley Crowther, The Screen in Review: Big Jim McLain, Film Study of
Congressional Work against Communism (Motion Picture), The New York Times,
September 18, 1952.
9. Review of Big Jim McLain, Variety, August 27, 1952.
10. See Thomas Rosteck, See It Now Confronts McCarthyism (Tuscaloosa, AL:
University of Alabama Press, 1994).
11. Bosley Crowther, The Screen Review: Sinatra in Suddenly at the Mayfair, The
New York Times, October 8, 1954.
12. Ibid.
13. Review of Suddenly (Motion Picture), Variety, September 8, 1954.
14. University of Colorado (Boulder campus) and Edward Uhler Condon, Fi-
nal Report of the Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects (New York: Dutton,
1969).
15. See Stuart Samuels, The Age of Conspiracy and Conformity: Invasion of
the Body Snatchers (1956), in John E. O Connor and Martin A. Jackson, eds.,
American History/American Film: Interpreting the Hollywood Image, rev. ed. (New
York: Continuum, 1989), pp. 200 215.
16. A. H. Weiler, Passing Picture Scene, The New York Times, March 23, 1958.
17. Ray Pratt, Projecting Paranoia: Conspiratorial Visions in American Film
(Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2001), pp. 32 33.
18. A. H. Weiler, Screen: Hitchcock Takes Suspenseful Cook s Tour, The New
York Times, August 7, 1959.
CHAPTER 3: CONSPIRACY IN THE NEW FRONTIER
1. Eric Louw, The Media and the Political Process (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage,
2005), p. 154.
2. See Don Munton and David A. Welch, The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Concise
History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
3. See Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1971).
4. Review of Advise and Consent (Motion Picture), Variety, May 23, 1962.
5. The Milieu Is the Meaning, Time, June 8, 1962.
6. Peyton Place was later the basis for a popular television series. It aired between
1964 and 1969.
7. George Axelrod, quoted in Hal Hinson, twenty-fifth anniversary review of The
Manchurian Candidate (Motion Picture), The Washington Post, February 13, 1988.
176 Notes
8. Hinson, The Manchurian Candidate.
9. Ray Pratt, Paranoia: Conspiratorial Visions in American Film (Lawrence, KS:
University of Kansas Press, 2001), pp. 91 93.
10. George Axelrod, quoted in Hinson, The Manchurian Candidate.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Review of Dr. No (Motion Picture), Variety, October 17, 1962.
15. Henry Cabot Lodge, quoted in Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America
Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press,
2008), p. 101.
16. John F. Kennedy, quoted in Isserman and Kazin, America Divided, p. 102.
17. United States, Warren Commission, Report of the President s Commission on the
Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Washington, DC: Government Printing
Office, 1964), pp. 2 4.
18. Ibid., p. 374.
CHAPTER 4: SHOCK AND UPHEAVAL
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