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of the plants are from EB11, unless otherwise stated.
(C) In general, productivity data is not available in Grantville; the one exception is Hevea. The
encyclopedia data is cited in the main text. "Enc" is Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. The remaining data
was collected from various industry sources. "PH" is Polhamus; "Br" is Brown, "Ch" is Christy,"TW" is
Treadwell, "Van" is Vanderbilt, "Bal" is Baldwin. W: wild production. C: cultivated. C1910: cultivated
production circa 1910. C1940: cultivated production circa 1940. CM: cultivated production in modern
times, shortly before ROF. "Tr" means tree, "Pl" means plant. In converting metric to English units, I used
2.5 acres per hectare and 2.2 pounds per kilogram. One kilogram per hectare equates to about 1.14
pounds per acre. Note that productivity is dependent on the location, the age of the tree, the frequency
and method of tapping, and so forth.
(D) Various rubber producing vines of the familyApocynaceae , especially (1) the genusLandolphia ,
and its speciesL. owariensis ,L. heudelotii ,L. kirkii andL. dawei , in tropical Africa, (2) the genera
Clitandra andCarpodinus in West Africa, (3) theForsteronia gracilis of British Guiana, (4) the
Forsteronia floribunda of Jamaica, (5) the generaWillughbeia andLeuconitis of Borneo, (6)Parmeria
glandulifera of Siam and Borneo, and (7)Urceola esculenta andCryptostegia grandiflora of Burma
(EB11). Note that EA states thatCryptostegia grandiflora is found in Africa.
(E) When guayule is harvested, the plant is usually consumed. Therefore, the annual yield is the nominal
yield the yield in the year of harvest divided by the harvesting age. Some sources appeared to be
reporting the nominal yield, rather than the true annual yield. There has been some experimentation with
clipping: harvesting only the part above ground, so the roots can regenerate a new crop. See PH232-3.
References
General Rubber References
cited encyclopedias, see Appendix 1
Brown,Rubber: Its Sources, Cultivation and Preparation (1914)
Schidrowitz and Dawson,History of the Rubber Industry (1952)
Coates,The Commerce in Rubber: The First 250 Years (Oxford Univ. Press: 1987)
Dean,Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History (1987)
Maclaren,Rubber Tree Book (1913)
Joshi, "Jungle Rubber"
Mongabay, "A Brief History of Rubber (based on Wade Davis, One River 1996)
Polhamus,Rubber: Botany, Production and Utilization (Interscience: 1962)
Generated by ABC Amber LIT Converter, http://www.processtext.com/abclit.html
Polhamus, "Rubber Content of Miscellaneous Plants," USDA/ARS Production Research Report No. 10
(Aug. 1957)(S21.Z2382 no. 10)(USDA 1957)
(specific gravity)
Hildebrand, "Our Most Versatile Vegetable Product,"National Geographic (February 1940).
Rubber Reclaiming
Reschner, "Scrap Tire Recycling,"
Para Rubber
Listing of Hevea species and varieties
International Rubber Research and Development Board (IRRDB), "South American Leaf Blight,"
Villard, "Rubber-Cushioned Liberia,"National Geographic (February 1948).
Akers,Rubber Industry in Brazil and Orient
Loadman, "Sir Henry Alexander Wickham,"
Treadwell,Possibilities for Para Rubber Production in Northern Tropical America (1926)
Guayule Rubber References
Ford, "Desert Plant May Put Spring in Natural Rubber Production" (Jan. 2, 2002),
Perry,Growing Rubber in California (1946)
Hammond and Polhamus,Research on Guayule
Vietmeyer, "Rediscovering America's Forgotten Crops,"National Geographic (May 1981).
See also Vanderbilt (under Goldenrod)
Castilla Rubber References
Cokeley, et al., "Fruit Dispersal of Castilla elastica in secondary forest and a developed area of the La
Generated by ABC Amber LIT Converter, http://www.processtext.com/abclit.html
Selva Biological Preserve, Costa Rica"
http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/esi/2000/cr2000/Group_1/Research_Project/Castilla.htm
Treadwell, supra.
Pernambuco Rubber References
IPGRI, "Hancornia speciosa Gomes," in "FRUITS FROM AMERICA: An ethnobotanical inventory"
http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Hancornia%20speciosa.htm
Goldenrod Rubber References
TrekEarth, "Edison's Lab"
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/North_America/United_States/photo52079.htm
IEEE Virtual Museum, "High Hopes: Edison's Search for a Rubber Alternative,"
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